Theory of Change


The Big Table Institute’s Theory of Change begins with a recognition that the social and civic innovation sectors lose potential founders at the point of transition because the dominant entrepreneurship culture was not designed for them.

Traditional founder training optimizes for speed, scale, and financial returns. It rarely asks who benefits, who holds power, or how wealth flows through a community.

Mission-driven professionals, particularly those emerging from government, policy, and nonprofit careers, need a fundamentally different framework, which we offer through our Impact Studio.

This new framework starts with values, centers public value, and equips founders to build enterprises that are both financially viable and systemically transformative.

A second track of BTI’s Theory of Change recognizes that individual preparation is necessary but not sufficient, and that the environment participants enter must also be more hospitable. By facilitating cross-sector relationships to identify and address system-wide gaps that constrain early-stage impact ventures, and advocating for greater access to patient, risk-tolerant funding, BTI works to shift the conditions that determine whether promising ventures survive their earliest stages.

Below we dive into the details of the Theory of Change and we invite you to explore and reach out if you’d like to discuss any of the elements in more detail.

Most founder training starts with the business idea. At BTI, we start with the person. The premise is that mission-driven professionals, especially those coming from government, policy, and nonprofit careers, carry deeply internalized assumptions about what “real” entrepreneurship looks like, and most of those assumptions were built for a different kind of founder with different goals. We believe those assumptions should to be examined on an individual level.

Self Examination and Asset Reframing

Participants will first look inward, identifying how their existing expertise, networks, and lived experience translate into strengths they can use as a founder. A policy veteran’s understanding of regulatory environments is a competitive advantage. A nonprofit leader’s community trust is a form of capital. If you’ve come from the federal landscape or nonprofit world, there is no need to feel that you need to catch up to “real” founders. Let’s build from your genuine strength.

Leadership and Resilience

Navigating uncertainty is a learnable skill, not a personality trait. This component of our work will help you build the adaptive capacity you’ll need when your assumptions are challenged (which they will be, repeatedly).

Public Value and Human-Centered Design

The dominant business model is extractive, and ventures are built for speed, scale, and maximizing financial returns for shareholders. At BTI, we believe that impactful, regenerative models should build to strengthen our communities and facilitate long-term economic, environmental, social, and democratic sustainability.

Impact-Adapted Business Model Canvas

Financial viability serves the mission, not the other way around. We will introduce the various components of the traditional business model canvas and explore how innovators can flip the script on its head.

Ecosystem Mapping

We will work with participants to help them develop a clear understanding of the resources that exists within the impact ecosystem and how they can best prepare to access them.


Traditional entrepreneurial training treats the market as the system. At BTI, we believe that the market is embedded in larger social, political, and economic systems, and that ignoring those systems is why so many well-intentioned ventures produce marginal change or even unintended harm.

While Step 1 of our Theory of Change helps to oriented participants toward themselves, Step 2 serves to help orient innovators toward the world. We believe that it’s not until participants understand who they are as founders and what they value that they can fully understand how they fit within the systems their potential ventures will attempt to change. Cross-sector collaboration and impact measurement beyond outputs will help prepare participants to operate within complex ecosystems rather than despite them.

Systems Mapping and Diagnosis

Participants will learn to move beneath the surface of social and environmental problems by mapping the relationships, feedback loops, and structural conditions that produce them. (Think about viewing homelessness as a housing shortage versus seeing it as an outcome of interlocking systems around land use policy, mental health infrastructure, wage stagnation, and racial wealth gaps.) By mapping the system, a potential founder will have a better sense of where they can potentially intervene and why.

The Problem Tree Framework

Participants will explore a structured tool used to distinguish root causes from systems and effects, identifying leverage points that call for innovation. Leaning on the Problem Tree Framework, originally designed in the 1960s, participants will also develop a topic-specific vocabulary and repeatable method for problem diagnosis that they will be able to bring into community conversations, partnership discussions, and funding applications.

Leverage Points

Drawing on systems thinking traditions, participants will collaboratively explore areas where relatively small interventions could produce disproportionate change. These ideas are the seeds from which impactful ventures emerge.

Business Models Designed for Systems Change

BTI will bring to light business models and funding mechanisms that are explicitly designed for transformation: cooperative structures that distribute ownership, blended finance models that attract capital without extractive terms, and alternative exit strategies that help to prioritize community benefit over time.


Step 2 of the Theory of Change ends with participants able to diagnose a system. Step 3 begins to challenge participants to locate themselves within one, and marks the beginning of a transition from learning to application.

Through a collaborative, structured process, participants will examine the system surrounding a problem they feel uniquely qualified to address. They will identify what a meaningful shift would require, and locate their own unique leverage within it. Critically, this stage includes structured self-reflection which challenges participants to identify not just what the system needs, but what role their own background, relationships, and positionality equip them to play. Sessions on designing for partnerships and the evolution of an entrepreneurial identity prepare participants for the collaborative, adaptive reality of building in complex systems as an Agent of Change.

Structured Self-Reflection on Positionality

At BTI, we believe that an innovator’s positionality, or the social and political context that defines an individual’s identify and shapes their perspectives, biases, and power within society, is a strategic asset that can help shape venture design. Participants will be challenged to identify not just what the system requires but what their own personal background, relationships, and positionality equip them to do within it.

A Personally-Positioned Problem

Participants will identify a problem that they are personally positioned to address. This means they have proximity, relationships, or contextual knowledge that gives them a genuine advantage and ensures the work done to address it has real-world roots.

System Examination and Shift Identification

Taking a step beyond the the high level systems mapping in Step 2, participants will map the system surrounding their chosen problem. Moreover, they will identify what a meaningful shift would actually require, prioritizing systems analysis over program design.

Partnership Design and Entrepreneurial Identity

We will work closely with participants as they begin the psychological shift from identifying as a practicioner or professional to becoming a founder and innovator. Additionally, we will promote efforts to design for partnerships from the outset. We recognize that systems-change ventures are inherently collaborative, and that trying to own the whole solution is both strategically weak and often extractive.



Step 4 is where clarity developed through Steps 1, 2, and 3 meets constraint. Through this multi-month journey, BTI will work with innovators to collaboratively design a real early-stage pilot and identify potential mission-aligned funding.

Early Stage Pilot Design

Innovators will design a pilot that is scoped to test a specific assumption about their initiative, reflecting an act of intellectual discipline. The question won’t be “what would my full venture look like?” but “what is the smallest meaningful test that would tell me whether my core assumption holds?”

Systematic and Blended Finance Exploration

Through this program, BTI will work with innovators to explore funding structures suited to their specific venture type, including CDFIs, program-related investments, revenue-based financing, community investment notes, philanthropic blended structures, and the governance implications each carriers. The goal here is capital literacy that is both honest and strategic.

Funding and Donor Conversation Preparation

Building on an honest knowledge of the capital landscape, BTI will work with innovators to not only tell a compelling story but to enter funding conversations as informed counterparts. Innovators will understand what funders are optimizing for, where mission alignment is genuine versus performative, and how to negotiate terms that preserve the integrity of their initiative.

Accelerator Readiness

For many innovators, BTI may serve as an on-ramp to the rest of the entrepreneurial ecosystem including, but not limited to, both traditional and impact-focused accelerators.

At BTI, we believe that it will take work to develop relationships across sectors to identify and name the system-wide gaps that constrain early-stage impact ventures. Through an intentionally collaborative effort, BTI seeks to help surface the structural barriers that individual founders keep hitting, and work to make those barriers visible to the people and institutions with the power to address them. Gap mapping turns anecdotal founder experience into systemic evidence.


We seek to build and maintain connections across government, philanthropy, nonprofit, and private sectors with the objective to serve two functions simultaneously. In the short term these important relationships help define the ecosystem in which impact innovators work. In the longer term, such relationships help to build the cross-sector trust and shared vocabulary that systems-level change requires.


We recognize that this is the most structurally ambitious piece of our Theory of Change. The dominant capital landscape, including within impact investing, still skews toward ventures that can demonstrate traction quickly, scale predictably, and return capital on conventional timelines.

Mission-driven ventures building cooperative structures, community land trusts, or blended finance models often don’t fit those parameters because they are optimizing for different outcomes on different timelines. Through our work, BTI is working to help raise awareness about this mismatch explicitly and make the case for funding structures that match the actual needs of values-led ventures.

By working to strengthen an environment increasingly aligned to receive and resource values-led ventures, we seek to shift the conditions that determine whether promising ventures survive their earliest stages.

BTI’s Theory of Change is designed to create impact in three categories: Innovators, Ventures and Initiatives, and the Ecosystem itself.

Participants of Impact Studio programs will carry values-clarity and systems-literacy that persist beyond the program. These skills will empower them to make decisions differently, build differently, and recruit differently because of how they frame their work.

These impact-driven individuals will launch and sustain early-stage regenerative ventures and initiatives that are both financially viable and structurally designed to build community wealth. Importantly, these individuals and teams work in an ecosystem that recognizes the growing community of mission-driven innovators and the value they offer. Such an ecosystem will be better prepared to normalize the impact innoator journey through funding, accelerator programs, and ecosystem intermediaries that are prepared to meet the moment through shifted criteria, expanded definitions of traction, and more patient capital ready for deployment.